Fluid intake, hydration status and body mass changes in U-15 judo athletes during a training day

Despite numerous studies related to dehydration there is still a lack of scientific literature presenting hydration status and fluid intake of judo athletes during different periods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, fluid intake, hydration status and body weight changes of young judo athletes during a typical day of training in preparation period. Twenty-two young judo athletes (age: 12 ± 0.7 y, experience: 3.5 ± 1.1) voluntarily participated in this study. Hydration status and weight were examined in the morning, before and immediately after the training. All athletes trained 90 min and they consumed fluids ad libitum during the exercise. According to morning urine specific gravity (USG) values, 81.2% of the athletes were dehydrated while only 18.8% of the athletes were euhydrated. Pre-training urine measurements showed that 63.64% of the athletes presented dehydration and 77.27% of the athletes completed the training in dehydrated condition despite fluid availability during the training. Mean body weight loss during training was -0.64 ± 0.66%. It can be concluded that young judo athletes presented high prevalence of dehydration as indicated by USG values. Most of the athletes were dehydrated during a typical training day and completed the training in more dehydrated conditions compared to pre training values despite ad libitum fluid intake. It is of great importance to evaluate hydration status of the athletes before training to refrain from common practice of fluid restriction for weight loss and adverse effects of a persistent state of fluid deficit on physical and health related state.

Estudo de estabilidade de anfetaminas e produtos de biotransformação de cocaína e tetraidrocanabinol em amostras de urina seca em papel (dried urine spots) / Stability study of amphetamines, biotransformation products of cocaine and tetrahydrocannabinol in dried urine spots

O número de pessoas utilizando substâncias ilícitas de forma recreativa aumenta a cada ano, chamando a atenção de estudiosos de diversas áreas do conhecimento. Com isso, a demanda de exames toxicológicos exigida para trabalhadores, vítimas de crimes e esportistas também tem crescido. A amostra biológica mais utilizada para análises toxicológicas continua sendo a urina, visto que sua obtenção é menos invasiva, possibilita coletar grande volume de amostra e pode-se detectar substâncias até dias após ter ocorrido a exposição ou consumo. Entretanto, estas amostras necessitam de um grande volume físico para serem armazenadas e transportadas aos laboratórios, devendo ser mantidas em temperatura baixa e controlada para conservação. Outro ponto a se considerar é a quantidade de amostra insuficientemente coletada, ou extravasamento do conteúdo, contaminando outras amostras e muitas vezes, inviabilizando a análise. Uma alternativa recente para tais problemas é utilizar a técnica chamada de dried urine spots (DUS), onde poucos microlitros de urina são colocados em um papel absorvente e secos sob temperatura ambiente, preservando de agentes degradantes os componentes presentes na urina. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a estabilidade das substâncias do presente estudo em alta temperatura, temperatura ambiente e em temperaturas de 4°C e -20°C. Para este fim, foi necessário desenvolver, validar e aplicar métodos de extração e determinação de anfetaminas e produtos de biotransformação de cocaína e tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THCCOOH) em amostras dried urine spot, utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Os picos foram identificados por UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, com tempo total de 5 mins utilizando fase A- água, formiato de amônio e 0,1% ácido fórmico, e B- metanol: acetonitrila (6:4) + 0,1% de ácido fórmico. A extração foi feita utilizando acetonitrila: metanol: acetona (1:1:1) +ácido fórmico 0,1%. Não foi possível iniciar a validação de THCCOOH, visto uma possível complexação do analito com o papel. Para as outras substâncias, o método cromatográfico desenvolvido se mostrou eficiente e seletivo, com LOD e LOQ de 10 ng/mL para todos os analitos, sendo linear até 1000 ng/mL, atendeu as especificações de precisão e exatidão e carryover. As amostras permaneceram estáveis ao longo de 32 dias nas temperaturas estudadas, demonstrando a segurança em se utilizar a técnica de DUS para armazenamento e transporte de amostras biológicas dentro da faixa de temperatura do estudo até 32 dias

The number of people using illegal substances in a recreational way increases each year, drawing the attention of scholars from different areas of knowledge. As a result, the demand for workplaces drug tests, toxicological tests for victims of crimes and dopping has also grown. The biological sample most used for toxicological tests remains urine, since obtaining it is less invasive, it is possible to collect a large volume of sample and it is possible to detect substances up to days after exposure or consumption has occurred. However, these samples require a large physical volume to be stored and transported to the laboratories, and must be kept at a low temperature for conservation. Another point to consider is the amount of sample insufficiently collected, or leakage of the content, causing contamination of other samples and often making the analysis unfeasible. A recent alternative to such problems is to use "dried urine spots" (DUS), where few microliters of urine are placed on absorbent paper and dried at room temperature, preserving the components present in the urine from degrading agents. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the stability of the substances in this study at high temperature, room temperature and at temperatures of 4°C and -20°C. For this purpose, it was necessary to develop, validate and apply methods of extraction and determination of amphetamines and biotransformation products of cocaine and carboxylic tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in dried urine spot samples, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The peaks were identified liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), with a total time of 5 mins using phase A- water, ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid, and B- methanol: acetonitrile (6:4) + 0.1% formic acid. Extraction was done using acetonitrile: methanol: acetone (1:1:1) + 0.1% formic acid. It was not possible to perform the validation of THCCOOH, given a possible complexation of the analyte with the paper. To the others substances, the chromatographic method developed proved to be efficient and selective, with LOD and LOQ of 10 ng/mL for all analytes, being linear up to 1000 ng/mL, meeting the specifications of precision and accuracy and carryover. The samples remained stable for 32 days at the temperatures studied, demonstrating the safety of using the DUS technique for storage and transport of biological samples until 32 days on temperature range studied

Prevalence of voluntary dehydration according to urine osmolarity in elementary school students in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of voluntary dehydration based on urine osmolarity in elementary school students from two public educational institutions in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and evaluate whether there is a relationship between voluntary dehydration and nutritional status or socioeconomic status. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study with students from two public schools in the city of Osasco. The determination of urine osmolarity was performed using the freezing method of the Advanced® Osmometer Model 3W2. Urine osmolarity greater than 800 mOsm/kg H2O was considered voluntary dehydration. During data collection, the weights and heights of the students, environmental temperatures and air humidity levels were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 475 students aged six to 12 years were evaluated, of whom 188 were male. Voluntary dehydration occurred in 63.2% of the students and was more frequent in males than in females. The prevalence of voluntary dehydration was more frequent in males aged six to nine years than in females. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between males and females aged 10 to 12 years. No association was found between voluntary dehydration and nutritional status or socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of voluntary dehydration was high in elementary school students and was more frequent in males. No association was found between voluntary dehydration and nutritional or socioeconomic status.

Contexto escolar e hábitos miccionais: estudo transversal com escolares do distrito federal / Contexto escolar y hábitos miccionales: estudio transversal con escolares del distrito federal / School setting and voiding habits: a cross-sectional study among school-aged children from the federal district

RESUMO Estudo transversal realizado em oito escolas públicas e particulares do Riacho Fundo,(Distrito Federal),com escolares deseis a 12 anos, com o objetivo de avaliar a frequência de ida e permissão para uso do toalete na escola, sob a perspectiva do escolar, assim como mensurar a taxa de ocorrência e o impacto da experiência de ter tido alguma vez na vida um evento de perda urinária no contexto escolar. A coleta de dados incluiu entrevista por meio de perguntas-chave desenvolvidas pelas pesquisadoras. A análise dos dados incluiu técnicas básicas de análise exploratória de dados como,frequência absoluta e relativa, calculadas no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Das 86 crianças participantes da pesquisa, 73% (n=63) relataram irtodos os dias ao toalete escolar, ao passo que as que afirmam não utilizar o toalete apontaram como justificativas a falta de vontade, a falta de papel higiênico nos toaletes e a falta de privacidade ou problema com as portas. Quanto à permissão para o uso do toalete, 66% (n=57) afirmaram poder ir sempre que tivessem vontade. A experiência de perda urinária na escola foi relatada por17 (20%) crianças e apresentou impacto altamente negativo sob a perspectiva do escolar.

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio transversal en 8 escuelas públicas y privadas del Riacho Fundo (Distrito Federal) con escolares de 6 a 12 años que tuvo como objetivo evaluar la frecuencia de idas y permiso al baño en la escuela bajo la perspectiva del escolar, así como medir la tasa de ocurrencia y el impacto de la experiencia de haber tenido alguna vez en la vida pérdida urinaria en el contexto escolar. La recolección de datos incluyó entrevistas con preguntas claves desarrolladas por los investigadores. El análisis de datos incluyó las técnicas básicas de análisis exploratorio de datos como la frecuencia absoluta y relativa, calculada utilizando el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. De los 86 niños participantes, el 73% (n = 63) informaron ir todos los días al baño de la escuela, las justificaciones para no ir fueron falta de voluntad, la falta de papel higiénico y la falta privacidad o problemas con las puertas. En referencia al uso del baño, el 66% (n = 57) dijo que podían ir cuando tuviesen necesidad. La experiencia de pérdida urinaria en la escuela fue reportada por 17 (20%) niños y presentó un impacto muy negativo desde la perspectiva del escolar.

ABSTRACT This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 8 public and private schools of Riacho Fundo (Federal District), with children between 6 and 12 years old, that aimed to evaluate their frequency of going to the school restroom and permission to use it from the children's perspective, as well as to measure the rate of occurrence and impact of the experience of having had some once in a lifetime urinary leakage in the school setting. Data collection included interviews with key questions developed by the researchers. Data analysis included basic techniques of exploratory data analysis such as absolute and relative frequencies calculated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program. Out of 86 participating children, 73% (n = 63) reported going every day to the school restroom while those reporting not going pointed out reasons as they did not need to, lack of toilet paper, and lack of privacy or problems with the stalls' doors. Regarding permission to use the restroom, 66% (n = 57) stated being allowed to go whenever they needed. The experience of urinary incontinence at school was reported by 17 (20%) children and presented as a highly negative impact from their perspective.

Validación del método enzimático para la determinación de creatinina en suero y orina / Validation of the enzymatic method for the estimation of serum and urine creatinine

Introducción: la creatinina es un importante marcador de control y monitoreo en diferentes patologías renales. Objetivo: validar un método enzimático colorimétrico de análisis cinético para la determinación de creatinina en suero y orina desarrollado con reactivos de producción nacional para su aplicación en los laboratorios clínicos. Métodos: el método enzimático se aplica para determinaciones cinéticas a partir de la medición espectrofotométrica a una longitud de onda de 550 nm de la quinoneimina formada. Se realizó la validación evaluando los parámetros especificidad, linealidad, precisión, exactitud, límite de detección y de cuantificación, cumpliendo con las regulaciones vigentes en Cuba. Resultados: el método fue suficientemente específico para el objetivo propuesto, brindó una respuesta lineal desde 26,52 a 2 652 µmol/L en suero y de 884 a 26 520 µmol/L en orina, presentó una elevada precisión, exactitud y adecuados límites de detección y cuantificación. Conclusión: al cumplir el método evaluado con las exigencias regulatorias vigentes se puede emplear en los laboratorios clínicos del país, para la determinación de creatinina en suero y orina(AU)

Introduction: creatinine is an important control and monitoring marker in various kidney pathologies. Objectives: to validate a colorimetric enzymatic method of kinetic analysis developed with Cuban-made reagents, in order to determine the serum and urine creatinine for future application in the clinical laboratories. Methods: the enzymatic method is used for kinetic determinations based on the spectrophotometric measurement at 550nm wavelength of the formed quinoneimine. The validation evaluated the parameters specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, detection and quantitation limits in compliance with the present Cuban regulations. Results: the method was specific for the suggested objective; provided linear response from 26,52 to 2 652 µmol/L in serum and from 884 to 26 520 µmol/L in urine; had great precision and accuracy and its detection and quantitation limits were adequate. Conclusions: since the evaluated method fulfilled the present regulatory demands, it may be used in the domestic clinic laboratories to determine serum and urine creatinine(AU)

Hematologic, serum biochemistry and urinary values for captive Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in São Paulo state, Brazil / Valores hematologicos, de bioquímica sérica e urinários para Cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) de cativeiro no estado de São Paulo

The importance of studies with hematological, serum biochemistry and urinary values of Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) is based on the need for health care and maintenance of those populations. This paper has the objective to investigate hematological, serum biochemistry and urinary physiological parameters of the Crab-eating fox, comparing gender and age differences. Blood samples were collected in 2003 from 52 animals of different Zoos in São Paulo state, Brazil; 7mL of blood was used to obtain a complete blood cell count (CBC) and the profile of the serum biochemistry. Moreover, 5mL of urine were collected for analysis. There was no difference in values for male and female animals, as for the CBC and serum biochemistry. Some hematological and serum biochemical parameters were influenced by age, showing significant differences. Urinalysis results were just demonstrated in a descriptive form. The studied values were, RBC 4.35±0.73 x 10(6) /µL, WBC 7.72±3.66 x 10³ /µL (predominance of segmented neutrophils), platelets 227.06±111.58 x 10³ /µL, urea 43.06±14.28mg/dL and creatinine 1.03±0.24mg/dL. Hematological, serum biochemistry and urinary values obtained in this study can be used as physiological values of the captive Crab-eating Fox. It is possible to conclude that wild species need their own reference values, differentiating animals in captivity from free-ranging animals.

A importância do estudo dos valores hematológicos, de bioquímica sérica e urinários de Cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) baseia-se na necessidade de cuidados e manutenção da sanidade destas populações. Este estudo visou investigar os parâmetros fisiológicos hematológicos, de bioquímica sérica e urinários dos Cachorros-do-mato de cativeiro, comparando as possíveis diferenças sexuais e de faixa etária. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 52 animais, pertencentes a diversos Zoológicos do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram colhidos cerca de 7mL de sangue, que foram utilizados para se obter os valores hematológicos e o perfil de bioquímica sérica. Também foram colhidos 5mL de urina para realização da urinálise. Não se encontraram diferenças entre os valores obtidos para machos e fêmeas tanto na hematologia, quanto na bioquímica sérica. Alguns parâmetros hematológicos e de bioquímica sérica foram afetados pela idade, mostrando diferenças significativas. Os resultados da urinálise foram demonstrados apenas em forma descritiva. Os principais valores encontrados foram, hemácias 4,35+0,73 x 106 células /µL, leucócitos totais 7,72+3,66 x 103 células /µL (predomínio de neutrófilos segmentados), plaquetas 227,06+111,58 x 103 células /µL, ureia 43,06+14,28mg/dL e creatinina 1,03+0,24mg/dL. Os valores hematológicos, de bioquímica sérica e urinários obtidos neste estudo podem ser utilizados como valores fisiológicos de Cachorros-do-mato de cativeiro. Pode-se concluir que as espécies silvestres necessitam de seus próprios valores de referência com necessidade de se diferenciar animais em cativeiro de animais de vida livre.

Influência do volume vesical na avaliação ultra-sonográfica da junção uretrovesical e uretra proximal / Influence of bladder volume on perineal ultrasound assessments of the urethrovesical junction and proximal urethra

OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência do volume vesical na avaliação ultra-sonográfica da mobilidade da junção uretrovesical (JUV) e do comprimento da uretra proximal (UP) em mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Mulheres com IUE submetidas à avaliação ultra-sonográfica da JUV e da UP com bexiga praticamente vazia (< 50 ml de urina) e com a bexiga cheia. RESULTADOS: As médias, em milímetros, dos parâmetros medidos com bexiga vazia e bexiga cheia foram, respectivamente: em repouso: distância vertical da JUV (DVJUV) de 15 e 13,5 (p = 0,3347), distância horizontal da JUV (DHJUV) de 14 e 15 (p = 0,3767), distância pubouretral (DPU) de 13 e 13 (p = 0,8065), UP de 15 e 14 (p = 0,8011); em esforço: DVJUV de 0 e 4 (p = 0,0281), DHJUV de 21 e 19,5 (p = 0,7501), DPU de 18,5 e 15 (p = 0,1592), UP de 0 e 4 (p = 0,0479); deslocamento: DVJUV de 16 e 15 (p = 0,0047), DHJUV de 6 e 5 (p = 0,3542), DPU de 7 e 5,5 (p = 0,1789), UP de 12 e 8 (p = 0,0496). CONCLUSÃO: Comparando bexiga quase vazia com bexiga cheia, há diferença significativa na avaliação ultra-sonográfica perineal da JUV e da UP apenas no esforço e sentido vertical, sendo que as pacientes com a bexiga quase vazia deslocam mais a JUV e a UP em relação à bexiga cheia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of bladder volume on perineal ultrasound assessments of the urethrovesical junction (UVJ) mobility and proximal urethral (PU) length in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women with SUI were submitted to perineal ultrasound assessments of UVJ mobility and PU length with both full and practically empty (< 50 ml of urine) bladder. RESULTS: The means, in millimeters, of the measured parameters with a practically empty and full bladder were as follows: at rest: UVJ vertical distance (UVJVD) = 15 and 13.5 (p = 0.3347), UVJ horizontal distance (UVJHD) = 14 and 15 (p = 0.3767), pubourethral distance (PUD) = 13 and 13 (p = 0.8065), PU = 15 and 14 (p = 0.8011); on strain: UVJVD = 0 and 4 (p = 0.0281), UVJHD = 21 and 19.5 (p = 0.7501), PUD = 18.5 and 15 (p = 0.1592), PU = 0 and 4 (p = 0.0479); the resulting movements: UVJVD = 16 and 15 (p = 0.0047), UVJHD = 6 and 5 (p = 0.3542), PUD = 7 and 5.5 (p = 0.1789), PU = 12 and 8 (p = 0.0496). CONCLUSION: The comparison of UVJ parameters using perineal ultrasound with the bladder practically empty as well as full showed that vertical movement of the UVJ and PU length and their status on strain were significantly increased in patients with a practically empty bladder.

effect of voiding position on uroflowmetry findings of healthy men and patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

We assessed the effect of different positions of voiding on uroflowmetry findings in healthy men and in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH]. Ten men with symptomatic BPH and 10 healthy men were enrolled in this study. Urodynamic study was done for each subject in 3 positions: standing, crouching [the position used in the Iranian style toilets], and sitting. The following urodynamic parameters were studied: voided urine volume, residual urine volume, total flow time, flow time, maximum flow rate, average flow rate, delay to start voiding, and maximum flow time. There were no significant differences between the 3 voiding positions and urodynamic parameters of healthy men. In men with BPH, the postvoid residual urine volume was significantly lower in the sitting position compared with the crouching and standing positions [67 mL versus 130 m/L and 130 mL; P < .001]. The median average flow rate was 2.5 mL/s in the crouching, 3.5 mL/s in the sitting, and 3 mL/s in the standing positions [P = .016]. Also, delay to start voiding was longest in the crouching position [6.5 seconds, 6 seconds, and 5 seconds in the crouching, sitting, and standing positions; P = .011]. Voided urine volume, total flow time, flow time, maximum flow rate, and maximum flow time were not different among the 3 positions. In patients with BPH, voiding position may affect urodynamic parameters and the physician's decisions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of voiding position on urodynamic parameters

Diaper dermatitis--an overview.

Diaper dermatitis, also know as nappy rash, is an inflammation of the skin covered by nappy. It probably results due to an interaction of multiple factors like increased wetness, elevated pH due to urine, fecal enzymes and microorganisms under the nappy. It manifests as an erythematous rash occurring on the convex surfaces of skin under the nappy. Rashes resembling nappy dermatitis can also be caused by some diseases which may have serious systemic manifestations. Therefore it is essential to differentiate and treat them. The principle of treatment of diaper dermatitis is to keep the skin in the nappy area as dry as possible with frequent nappy change. The superabsorbent disposable diapers are known to reduce the incidence of diaper dermatitis. Barrier creams to protect the infant's skin and mild topical corticosteroids to reduce the inflammation are mainstays of therapy. The incidence and severity can be reduced by keeping the skin dry under the nappy and protected from irritants and infections.

Indices urinarios y plasmaticos en la valoración del estado de hidratación en corredores de fondo sometidos a una actividad física intensa y de larga duración

Objetivos: Establecer las ventajas de las variables urinarias y plasmaticas en la valoración del estado de hidratación, al final de una actividad física intensa y de larga duración y al final de la recuperacion, en nueve corredores de fondo. Metodo: despues de 10 min de calentamiento, en banda rodante, al 55 porciento de la PWCmax, siguieron 90 min de carrera, en seis intervalos, a 80 porciento de la PWCmax; finalmente 90 min de recuperación. Durante el procedimeinto de DH no se hizo reposición hidrica, durante RH se repuso, en promedio 51 porciento del peso corporal perdido durante DH. Resultados: Durante el procedimeinto DH hubo una perdida de peso corporal de 4 porciento y una reducción porcentual del volumen plasmatico de 9 porciento. Se observó, ademas, hiperosmolaridad, hipernattremia, hipercaliemia e hiperproteinemia. La excresión urinaria de agua, sodio y potasio no se modificó; la gravedad especifica urinaria y la excresion de proteinas aumentaron, solo al final de la recuperación. Durante el procedimiento RH la perdida de peso corporal fue de 2 porciento y no se modifico la redución porcentual del volumen plasmatico (10 porciento); se evito la hiperosmolaridad, la hipernatremia y la hiperproteinemia, pero no la hipercaliemia durante el ejercicio. La excresion urinaria de agua, sodio y potasio tampoco vario significativamente; solo la excresion de proteinas aumento al final de la recuperación. Conclusiones: En la presente investigación la utilización de las variables urinarias como indicadores del estado de deshidratación hipertonca, leve y aguda, no parece tener utilidad ni ofrecer ventajas con respecto al uso de las varibles plasmaticas

Influence of first morning urine volume, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin on first morning urinary albumin concentration

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of first morning urinary volume (collected on three different non-consecutive days), fasting blood glucose (determined on the first and third days of urine collection), and glycosylated hemoglobin (determined on the first and third days of urine collection) on the albumin concentration in first morning urine samples collected on three different days. We found 3.6 per cent asymptomatic bacteriuria in the urine samples; therefore, every urine sample must be tested to exclude infection. One hundred and fifty urine samples were provided by 50 IDDM patients aged 21.9 ñ 7 (l2-38) years with a disease duration of 6.8 + 5.8 (0.4-31) years attending the Diabetes Clinic at the State University Hospital of Rio de Janeiro. There were no differences in albumin concentration (6.1 vs 5.8 vs 6.2 mug/ml; P = NS) or urinary volume (222.5 vs 210 vs 200 ml) between the three samples. In addition, there were no differences in fasting blood glucose (181.9 + 93.6 vs 194.6 + 104.7 mg per cent; P = NS) or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1) (8.4 ñ 1.3 vs 8.8 ñ 1.5 per cent; P = NS) between the first and third blood samples. Six patients (group 1) had a mean urinary albumin concentration of more than 20 mug/ml for the three urine samples. This group was compared with the 44 patients (group 2) with a mean urinary albumin concentration for the three urine samples of less than 20 mug/ml. No difference was found between groups 1 and 2 in relation to fasting blood glucose (207.1 ñ 71.7 vs 187.6 ñ 84.6 mg/dl), HbA 1 (8.1 ñ 0.9 vs 8.6 ñ 1.1 per cent) or urinary volume [202 (48.3-435) vs 246 (77.3-683.3) ml]. Stepwise multiple regression analysis with albumin concentration of first morning urine samples as the dependent variable, and urinary volume, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin as independent variables, showed that only 12 per cent (P = 0.01) of the albumin concentration could be accounted for by the independent effect of morning urine volume on the first day of urine collection. No urine samples showed a change in the cutoff level of 20 mug/ml of albumin concentration as the result of volume. Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin did not influence the urinary albumin concentration. Considerable variability in urinary albumin concentration was found in the three morning urine samples with a mean intraindividual coefficient variation of 56 per cent. In conclusion, in the present study, urinary volume...

Effect of schedule feeding on water intake and urine output in rats.

Water intake of schedule feeding rats was correlated to food intake through variations in calorie content of food. On intake time restriction (3 h) schedule, it was positively correlated while on amount restriction schedule (25% and 15% food) correlation was negative. Water-to-food ratio (W/F) of 3 hFW rats was decreased whereas W/F of 25% and 15% food animals, it was increased as compared to ad lib W/F. On calorically rich (3.2 cal/gr) diet 3 hFW rats food intake (7.8 +/- 0.6 gr) and water intake (4.7 +/- 0.3 ml) remained unaltered, while ad lib rats food intake (14.7 +/- 0.9) was decreased and water intake (16.2 +/- 1.1) increased as compared to their intake on calorically poor (2.8 cal/gr) diet. Urine percent over water intake (u/w x 100) was inversely related to food intake of rats (on ad lib food, 13.8%; on 25% food 29.1% on 15% food 31.8%) excepting for urine percent of 3 hFW rats which was (7.6%) disproportionately decreased.

Diuresis transanestésica / Trans-anesthetic diuresis

A 25 pacientes adultos, en buenas condiciones generales se les practicó cirugía de la columna vertebral o histerectomía abdominal bajo anestesia general balanceada. Se constató disminución franca de la diuresis transoperatoria a pesar de la adecuada estabilidad cardiocirculatoria y persfusión de líquidos parenterales. Posiblemente el procedimiento anestésico quirúrgico, la posición prona y la comprensión intra-abdominal determinaron cambios en los mecanismos intrínsecos y extrínsicos que controlan el flujo sanguíneo renal y la velocidad de filtración glomerular siendo indispensable la vigilancia continua de la diuresis horaria y procurar protección renal en el periodo trans-anestésico

Carga renal de solutos y crecimiento de niños alimentados con leche entera bovina o un sucedáneo de leche humana / Renal solute load and the growth of infants fed with whole bovine milk or infant formula

Objetivo: Comparar la carga renal de solutos, osmolaridad plasmática y urinaria, y crecimiento de niños alimentados con leche entera bovina (LEB) o una fórmula de un sucedáneo de leche humana (SLH). Métodos: Se estudiaron a 32 niños que desde el nacimiento hasta los seis meses de edad tomaron leche materna o bien un SLH. A los seis meses, aleatoriamente, se les asignó para que la mitad tomaran LEB y la otra mitad un SLH. A los seis meses, siete, ocho y nueve meses, en cada grupo se midió como variable independiente la carga renal de solutos, con énfasis en la ingestión proteínica, tanto en la guardería como en su hogar. Como variables dependientes se midieron en plasma los solutos de obligada excreción renal y en orina la osmolaridad y la urea; también se midió la velocidad de crecimiento de los niños. Resultados: La ingestión proteínica de los niños en g/kg/día en el momento basal fue de 2.5. Al séptimo mes, el grupo LEB ingirió 4.73 ñ 0.99 y el grupo SLH, 3.14ñ1.25 (p<0.05). Al octavo mes, el grupo LEB ingirió 4.65 ñ 0.84 y el grupo SLH 3.51 ñ 0.88 (p<0.05). Al noveno mes las diferencias no fueron significativas; excepto respecto al sodio que disminuyó en el grupo LEB. La osmolaridad plasmática y los iones de obligada excresión renal no mostraron diferencias entre los grupos ni al noveno mes, ni entre el momento basal y el noveno mes. Sí hubo diferencias en los metabolitos derivados de las proteínas, de urea en mg/dl; el grupo LEB tuvo 30.6ñ5.1 y el grupo SLH 23.1ñ7.5 (p<0.01). En la orina hubo diferencias en la osmolaridad en todos los meses de estudio; a los nueve meses, el grupo LEB tuvo en mOsm/kg 309ñ157 y el grupo SLH 133ñ56(p<0.001), con una tendencia semejante para la urea. No hubo diferencias en cuanto al peso y estatura a lo largo del estudio. Pero en velocidad, el grupo LEB tuvo tendencia hacia un mayor incremento de peso/mes y la estatura/mes fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05). Conclusiones: En condiciones de salud y a los niveles de proteína ingeridos en este estudio, la mayor carga renal de solutos ingerida al través de LEB no tuvo repercusiones sobre la osmolaridad plasmática ni sobre los iones de obligada excresión renal. Por lo que, en países en desarrollo, los niños mayores de seis meses pueden ingerir LEB sin evidentes riesgos. Sin embargo, los SLH cubren los requerimentos proteínicos y aportan menor carga renal de solutos y, potencialmente, son más convenientes para quienes tengan acceso a estas fórmulas

Flujo urinario: sus valores normales / Urinary flow: its normal values

Se realiza un estudio del flujo urinario en hombres sanos entre 15 y 45 años de edad. Se hace un análisis estadístico de las diferentes variables que se estudian en el flujo urinario y se obtienen sus respectivos valores promedios. Se comparan nuestros resultados con los de otros autores